Resumo Objetivo: Analisar características morfológicas e organização das fibras colágenas de queimaduras de terceiro grau provocadas por escaldo em relação à terapia com laser e àquela considerada padrão-ouro, a sulfadiazina de prata. Método: Foram selecionados 12 animais (Rattus norvegicus), divididos igualmente em três grupos (grupo controle [GC] - queimaduras não tratadas; grupo sulfadiazina [GS] - queimaduras tratadas com sulfadiazina de prata 1%; grupo laser [GL] - queimaduras tratadas com fotobiomodulação). As queimaduras foram realizadas por escaldo com a utilização de molde de PVC, e o material coletado no 14º dia pós-queimadura foi preparado para análise morfológica e de retardo óptico, para avaliação do infiltrado inflamatório e da organização do colágeno, respectivamente. Resultados: No 14º dia, os grupos laser e sulfadiazina apresentaram resposta inflamatória leve, enquanto o grupo controle apresentou processo inflamatório intenso, havendo significância estatística entre os grupos laser e controle, mas não entre os grupos sulfadiazina e controle. Enquanto os grupos laser e sulfadiazina não apresentavam mais tecido de granulação, o grupo controle ainda apresentava. A presença de folículo piloso e de úlcera não diferiu significantemente entre os grupos. O retardo óptico das fibras colágenas foi maior no grupo sulfadiazina, seguido dos grupos laser e controle. Apenas a análise da presença ou ausência de tecido de granulação permitiu identificar o efeito sistêmico. Conclusão: Morfologicamente, os tratamentos com laser ou sulfadiazina de prata foram similares e ambos proporcionaram maior organização das fibras colágenas em relação ao grupo não tratado. Entretanto, o grupo sulfadiazina modulou a deposição das fibras colágenas mais eficientemente que o grupo laser.

Summary Objective: To analyze morphological characteristics and organization of the collagen fibers of third degree burns from scalding compared to laser therapy and silver sulfadiazine, the latter considered as the gold standard. Method: Were selected 12 animals (Rattus norvegicus) also divided into three groups (control group [CG] - untreated burns; sulfadiazine group [SG] - burns were treated with silver sulfadiazine at 1%; laser group [LG] - burns were treated with photobiomodulation). The scald burns were carried out by using PVC mold, and the material collected on the 14th day after burn was prepared for morphological and optical retardation analysis for evaluation of inflammatory infiltrates and collagen organization, respectively. Results: On the 14th day, the laser and sulfadiazine groups had mild inflammatory response, while the control group showed an intense inflammatory process, with statistical significance between laser and control groups, but not between sulfadiazine and control groups. Laser and sulfadiazine groups no longer had granulation tissue, opposite to what was seen in the control group. The presence of hair follicles and ulcer did not significantly differ between groups. The optical retardation of collagen fibers was higher in sulfadiazine group, followed by laser and control groups. As for systemic effect, we were able to identify it by simply analyzing the presence or absence of granulation tissue. Conclusion: Morphologically, the laser or silver sulfadiazine treatments were similar and both provided better organization of collagen fibers in relation to the untreated group. However, the sulfadiazine group modulated the deposition of collagen fibers more efficiently than the laser group.

PURPOSE: To investigate the morphological aspects of the healing of traumatic wounds in rats using low-power laser.METHODS:Twenty four non isogenic, young adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing between 200 and 300g was used. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups: Control (GC) and Laser (GL), with 12 animals each. After shaving, anesthesia was performed in the dorsal region and then a surgical procedure using a scapel was carried out to make the traumatic wound. GL received five sessions of laser therapy in consecutive days using the following laser parameters: wavelength 660 nm, power 100 mW, dose 10 J/cm2. The wounds were evaluated through measurement of the area and depth of the wound (MW) and histological analysis (HA).RESULTS:When comparing the GC with the GL in MW there was a difference in area (p<0.001) and depth (p=0.003) measurement of the wounds in GL. The laser group presented more epithelization than GC (p=0.03). The other histological parameters were similar.CONCLUSION:The healing of wounds in rats was improved with the use of the laser.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O músculo esquelético tem a capacidade de adaptação frente a estímulos variados, tais como atividade contrátil, danos diretos e indiretos. Uma das modalidades terapêuticas utilizadas na reabilitação de disfunções musculoesqueléticas que vem demonstrando resultados positivos no tratamento e na prevenção de várias patologias é a terapia aquática. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da natação na expressão dos fatores regulatórios miogênicos MyoD e miogenina durante o reparo do músculo esquelético de rato após criolesão. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar, divididos em 04 grupos: (1) Controle; (2) "Sham" (sem lesão, submetido a exposição do músculo tibial anterior (TA); (3) Criolesionado e (4) Criolesionado e submetido à natação, analisados em 7, 14 e 21 dias. A criolesão foi realizada por meio de duas aplicações, utilizando um bastão metálico de extremidade plana, resfriado em nitrogênio líquido diretamente no ventre muscular. O protocolo consistiu de sessões de natação com duração de 90 minutos, realizadas 6 vezes por semana. Ao término do protocolo os animais foram eutanasiados, os músculos TA foram removidos e o RNA total foi extraído. Em seguida, foi obtido o cDNA para a realização do PCR em tempo real utilizando primers específicos para MyoD e miogenina. RESULTADOS: Os resultados evidenciaram uma redução na expressão de miogenina após 7 dias nos grupos criolesionado com (p<0.01) e sem (p<0.01) natação e após 14 no grupo criolesionado com natação (p<0.05) com relação aos grupos controle e "sham", respectivamente. Não encontramos diferenças entre os grupos criolesionados com (p>0.05) e sem natação (p>0.05). Com relação à expressão de MyoD não houve diferença entre os grupos avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: A natação não influenciou a expressão dos fatores regulatórios miogênicos durante o processo de reparo de músculo esquelético de rato após criolesão.

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle has the ability to adapt to several stimuli, such as contractile activity as well as direct and indirect damage. Aquatic therapy has been used in the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, it has demonstrated positive results in the therapeutic process and preventing several diseases.. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of swimming on the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin during the skeletal muscle repair process in rats following cryoinjury. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Control; 2) Sham - non-muscle damaged, submitted to procedure for exposure of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle; 3) Cryoinjured; and 4) Cryoinjured and submitted to swimming. Analyses were carried out at 7, 14 and 21 days. Cryoinjury was performed with two applications of the flat end of a metal rod previously cooled in liquid nitrogen directly to the belly of the TA muscle. The protocol consisted of 90-minute swimming sessions six times a week. At the end of the protocol, the animals were euthanized and the TA muscles were removed. Total RNA was extracted using the TRIzol reagent. Next, cDNA was obtained to perform real-time PCR using specific primers for MyoD and myogenin. RESULTS: The results showed a reduction in the expression of myogenin in the groups cryoinjury with p<0.01and without p <0.01 swimming after 7 days, and in group cryoinjury with swimming (p<0.05) after 14 days respect to the control groups and "sham", respectively. There were no differences between groups cryoinjury with (p> 0.05) and without (p>0.05) swimming. Regarding the expression of MyoD there was no difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Swimming did not affect the expression of myogenic regulatory factors during the skeletal muscle repair process in rats following cryoinjury.

The purpose of this study is to compare atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) with the conventional rotational restorative method (CM) to determine in both cases the total time required for the procedure, the cost, the presence of pain, and the behavior of pediatric patients in Peru. Of the 30 children selected for the study, half received ART and restoration with glass ionomer cement and the other half, CM and restoration with amalgam. The study parameters were the times required to remove the decayed tissue and to complete the entire procedure, the total cost of the procedure, the presence of pain, and the patient's behavior during treatment. Significant differences were found between the two techniques in all parameters, except for the patient's behavior. Although removing the decayed tissue was faster with the CM, the entire procedure was faster with ART, which, moreover, was significantly less expensive and less painful than the CM. The results indicated that ART is a very good alternative due to its low cost and acceptance by the children.

El presente estudio se propuso comparar la práctica restaurativa atraumática (PRAT) con el método tradicional (MT) rotacional, con el objetivo de determinar en ambos casos el tiempo total del procedimiento, el costo, la presencia de dolor y el comportamiento en pacientes pediátricos de Perú. De los 30 niños y niñas seleccionados para el estudio, la mitad fueron sometidos a la PRAT y restauración con cemento de ionómero de vidrio y la otra mitad fueron tratados con el MT y restauración con amalgama. Los parámetros de análisis fueron los tiempos necesarios para remover el tejido cariado y el procedimiento operatorio total, el costo total del procedimiento, la manifestación de dolor y el comportamiento del paciente durante el tratamiento. Se hallaron diferencias significativas entre ambas técnicas en todos los parámetros, excepto en el comportamiento del paciente. Si bien la remoción del tejido cariado con el MT fue más rápida, el procedimiento completo fue más rápido en la PRAT, que además resultó significativamente menos costosa y menos dolorosa que el MT. Los resultados indicaron que la PRAT es una muy buena alternativa por su bajo costo y aceptación por parte de los niños.

The current study investigated the capacity for tumor factors secreted by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines, KB, KB16, and HEP, to induce the secretion of various cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were isolated from blood samples collected from six healthy volunteers and these cells were incubated for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hours in the presence of 50% conditioned medium collected from cultured cell lines pretreated with, or without, stimulants such as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Aliquots of each supernatant were then assayed for levels of IFN-Γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), TNF-α, and IL-4 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Data collected were analyzed using Student's t-test, an ANOVA test followed by Tukey's test, and tests of Pearson's Correlation. PBMCs cultured with KB16-conditioned medium produced the highest levels of IFN-Γ. VEGF was also detected in conditioned media collected from all of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines used, and a significant difference in VEGF levels between control and KB- or KB16-conditioned media was observed. TNF-α was secreted by all PBMC groups within 6 hours of receiving conditioned media, and these levels increased up to the 24 hour timepoint, after which levels of TNF-α stabilized. In contrast, none of the supernatant samples contained detectable levels of IL-4. In combination, these data suggest that direct contact between fresh human PBMCs and conditioned media from tumor cells induces the secretion of TNF-α and VEGF by PBMCs, and this represents an initial angiogenic response.

Pulp repair is a complex process whose mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The first immune cells to reach the damaged pulp are neutrophils that play an important role in releasing cytokines and in phagocytosis. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different pulp-capping materials on the secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by migrating human neutrophils. Neutrophils were obtained from the blood of three healthy donors. The experimental groups were calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], an adhesive system (Single Bond), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Untreated cells were used as control. Transwell chambers were used in performing the assays to mimic an in vivo situation of neutrophil chemotaxis. The pulp-capping materials were placed in the lower chamber and the human neutrophils, in the upper chamber. The cells were counted and the culture medium was assayed using ELISA kits for detecting and quantifying IL-1β and IL8. The data were compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The secretion of IL-8 was significantly higher in all groups in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). The adhesive system group showed higher IL-8 than the MTA group (p < 0.05). The secretion of IL-1β was significantly greater only in the MTA group (p < 0.001). It was concluded that only MTA is able to improve the secretion of IL-1β, and all materials tested increased IL-8 secretion. These results combined with all the other biological advantages of MTA indicate that it could be considered the material of choice for dental pulp capping.

The aim of present paper is to introduce three clinical cases from a family affected from nevus spongiosus albus (NSA) and also to discuss the possible differential diagnoses as well as the therapeutical behaviors to be adopted. Clinical case: A man aged 52 seen in our clinic due to bilateral white lesions noted 30 years ago without achieve a final diagnosis of lesions. After anamnesis and physical examination an incision biopsy was taken. The clinical and histopathological data collection allows making the NSA diagnosis. Thus, it was necessary to inquire again into the patient's relatives regarding the existence of similar lesions proving the presence of white plaques in oral mucosa in a son aged 19 and a daughter aged 25. The nevus spongiosus albus is an uncommon genetic lesion that must to be differentiated from other significant localized and systemic pathologies with serious repercussions for the subjects. Since there is not a curative treatment for the NSA, the role of the surgeon-dentist is to diagnose that lesion, to explain clearly to patient on the benign and self-limiting origin of this entity and if it is necessary from the aesthetic point of view, to apply the different therapeutical modalities to control the plaques.

El nevus blanco esponjoso (NBE) es una rara condición autosómica dominante, caracterizada por placas blancas bilaterales en la mucosa, de aspecto esponjoso, blandas a la palpación y que pueden escamarse. Los tratamientos son paliativos; y el uso de antibióticos, en especial la tetraciclina, ha demostrando buenos resultados en su control. Este trabajo presenta tres casos clínicos de una familia afectada por NBE, donde se discuten los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales y conductas terapéuticas indicadas. Un paciente masculino de 52 años de edad acudió a la clínica aquejado de lesiones blancas bilaterales. El paciente notó las lesiones 30 años antes, sin lograr un diagnóstico final de las mismas. Después de la anamnesis y del examen clínico fue realizada una biopsia incisional. La reunión de los datos clínicos e histopatológicos llevó al diagnóstico de NBE. Se le solicitó al paciente que indagase entre sus familiares con respecto a lesiones semejantes. Se detectó que el hijo de 19 años y la hija de 25 eran portadores de placas blancas en la mucosa yugal. Como no había afectación estética, se optó por no intervenir en las lesiones. El nevus blanco esponjoso es una lesión genética que debe ser diferenciada de otras patologías localizadas y sistémicas importantes, que tienen repercusiones serias para el individuo. Como no hay un tratamiento curativo para el NBE, el papel del cirujano dentista es diagnosticar esta lesión, aclarar al paciente sobre la naturaleza benigna y autolimitante del NBE y si fuera necesario desde el punto de vista estético, aplicar diferentes modalidades terapéuticas.

Several sistemic alterations may take place in children patients with leucemia due to the neoplasia or to antineoplastic treaments (chemotherapy or radiotherapy). The role of the dental surgeon is of vital importance on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the early or late oral manifestations. So, the main of this work is to revise the current literature about the important aspects of the leukemia in children as treatment phases, oral manifestation and current preventive and therapeutic approach to them.

En el paciente infantil portador de leucemia pueden ocurrir diversas alteraciones sistémicas o bucales como consecuencia de la propia condición patológica o debido a los tratamientos a que son sometidos como drogas quimioterápicas o de la radioterapia. El papel del cirujano dentista en la atención a estos pacientes especiales es de vital importancia en lo que se refiere al diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de las manifestaciones bucales tanto precoces como tardías. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre aspectos importantes de la leucemia en niños, abordando las formas y fases del tratamiento, las manifestaciones bucales y las conductas terapéuticas preventivas y curativas existentes hacia las mismas.

Schwannomas, also known as neurilemomas, are benign neoplasias with neural origin. They present painless growth despite its origin. Head and neck are very commom sites of development of this neoplasia and when seen intraorally, the sites of predilection are: tongue, palate, bucal mucosa, lips, gengiva and the floor of the mouth is rarely affected. In this case report we describe a schwannoma in an unusual localization and discuss its diagnosis and treatment.

Los schwannomas, también conocidos como neurilemomas, forman parte del grupo de las neoplasias benignas de origen neural. Son de crecimiento lento e indoloro, a pesar de su origen nervioso. La cabeza y cuello son regiones bastante comunes donde de desarrollan estas neoplasias y en la literatura se reporta que en la región bucal predominan en la lengua, paladar, mucosa yugal, labio y encía, con pocas manifestaciones en el piso bucal. En este trabajo se presenta un caso de schwannoma de rara localización, además de abordar las posibilidades diagnósticas y tratamiento.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant soft tissue neoplasm consisting of cells derived from the primitive mesenchyme that exhibit a profound tendency to myogenesis. About 35% of RMS arises in the head and neck, being classified as parameningeal and non-orbital non-parameningeal forms. Parameningeal tumors carry the worst prognosis. The use of contemporary, multi-agent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery has made treatment of the disseminated disease possible, and has significantly improved overall survival from 25% in 1970 to 70% in 1991. Here, we present the management of two cases of orofacial RMS in adolescents: an 18-year-old, white female that had a 9-month history of a nodule in the left buccal mucosa, and a 19-year-old, white male who had been aware of a nodule in the left, posterior maxillary ridge with progressive growth for 4 months. Before final diagnosis, both cases were previously treated as inflammatory lesions. Their clinicopathological aspects, treatment, and poor survival as a consequence of delays in diagnosis are discussed.